Background and Objective: Smoking and drug abuse are among the most important causes of mortality in both developing and developed countries. The aim of this study was to survey of eleventh grade student’s attitude, based on health belief model (HBM), toward smoking and its complications in Zahedan, Iran.

  Material and Methods : In this cross-sectional study, we selected 380 students through multi
stage clustered sampling. Data gathering was performed by using a valid and reliable researcher- made questionnaire designed on the basis of HBM.

  Results: The mean age of the subjects is 15.9 ± 7. The subjects experienced smoking at least once are 23.2% and regular smokers are 2.1% of them. The results of health belief constructs
are perceived susceptibility­ (74.8%), perceived severity­ (68.2%), perceived barriers­ (42.1%) and perceived benefits (72.1%). About cues to action construct, 61(16.1%) have at least one smoker in their family and 260(68.4%) mention that they have studied about smoking and its' disadvantages. The majority of them had high self- efficacy related to smoking temptation situations and its avoidance.

  Conclusion: The results show that most of the students have a favorite attitude toward smoking and its complication, based on health belief model. Hence, it is a necessity to maintain and reinforce this condition to prevent from smoking.

  Background and Objective: Understanding and improving traffic behaviors, especially, the use of helmet is known as a strategy for preventing from road accidents. prevention of road accidents are caused Azsdma The aim of ­the present study was to assess the barriers to helmet use, based on health belief model in Khomein city.

  Material and Methods: ­ The subjects of this Cross-­sectional study were 384 drivers recruited via convenience sampling.­­The instrument was a research-made questionnaire based on HBM items.­The data related to performance, Perceived susceptibility, Perceived barriers, Perceived severity ­and Perceived benefits were analyzed by­ independent T-test,­Pearson, spearman correlation, chi square and wilcoxon (p≤0.05).

  Results: The barriers to helmet use are sweating, decreased hearing, expensiveness, heaviness, and visual limitation, ­chocking feeling, hairstyle, losing ­the helmet, shyness and time consuming, respectively. ­The rate of helmet use is 16.2%. ­According to the the subjects, ­education­(61.4%) paying fines (22.7%) and confining motorcycles (15.9%) are effective on wearing helmet.

  Conclusion:­ ­ According to the results, we recommend performing proper educational programs about wearing helmet, based­ on HBM,­­ designing new helmet by considering fore mentioned problems and modifying police treatments toward education.