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Background: Breast milk is the most suitable nutrition for the neonates. Breast milk and breastfeeding duration can contribute to decreased mortality rate, intestinal bleeding, and various neonatal diseases (e.g., digestive and respiratory diseases). It can also reduce the risk of diabetes and obesity in childhood and adulthood. Therefore, the estimation of breastfeeding duration and recognition of the effective factors in this regard can lead to designing and implementing appropriate programs, which can provide the foundations for the modification of breastfeeding behavior.
Methods: This survival study was conducted on 501 mothers with healthy and single birth neonates born within March 21, 2011-September 21, 2012 with active medical records in Aqqala city, Golestan province, Iran, in the second half of 2014. The data were collected from the information registered at the archives of health centers by in-person visiting. In addition, some of the information was collected through phone contacts. The duration of breastfeeding was estimated in month. Data analysis was carried out using the Cox regression in the STATA software, version 11.
 Results: According to the results, the mean and median of breastfeeding were 20.44 and 22 months, respectively. According to the Cox regression, maternal ethnicity, living with family, birth spacing, type of milk consumed along with complementary nutrition, and type of neonatal nutrition during the hospital stay of the infant had a significant relationship with the early cessation of breastfeeding.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study and the identified factors affecting the breastfeeding duration, it seems necessary to provide the essential trainings for the young mothers and pregnant women to avoid of reducing the duration   of breastfeeding. These educations can be included in the programs of the Health centers of the universities and urban and rural medical clinics.
 

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Background: reproductive health is having physical, mental and social health not being sick or disable, in all related systems of reproduction, function and its process. This study aims to investigate the effective factors on using reproductive health services and their outcomes.
Methods: this was a narrative review and the keywords, including reproductive health, family health, services, health promotion, barriers and effective factors outcome, were determined basing on Mesh and searching the papers in Google, PubMed, Science Direct, SID and Scholar, published since 1990 to 2019. The criteria to participate in this study included the papers examined the effective barriers on using  reproductive health services and their outcomes; the criteria of putting unrelated papers aside were basing on the subject. Finally 39 papers were chosen from 85 ones (26 English and 13 Persian papers) to write the review.
Results: our findings in this paper were related to the effective barriers on using reproductive health services and their outcomes and divided into four groups. the effective barriers on using reproductive health services included poverty, violence, migration, injustice , inequality and their outcomes as the outcomes of poverty (access to modern family planning services, difference between fertility in urban and rural population due to in equality in access to contraception methods , differences in level of women’s knowledge about reproduction issues in poor and rich communities , increasing infertility, unsafe abortion and increasing  sexually transmitted diseases ), violence including some scopes like mental health (depression, sleep disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and suicide), reproductive health (unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, Complications of pregnancy, sexual disorders and   sexually transmitted diseases like HIV), risky behaviors (unprotected sex, multiple sex partners and sexual violence ), tragic outcomes (death caused by pregnancy complications, rape, unsafe apportion, killing newborn infant and suicide) and social outcomes (unintended pregnancy, leaving school, losing relationships and rejection by family and friends ), migration (increasing undesirable outcomes of pregnancy like low birth weight, sexually transmitted diseases, induced abortion and decreasing access to health services ) , injustice and inequality (reduced access to family planning services by poor communities comparing to rich ones and increasing fertility, increasing unintended pregnancy, short intervals between pregnancies and increasing family members ).
 Conclusions: according to the important role of reproductive health in human and communities, training people is necessary, not only for medical reasons but also as a basis in strength of marital life. Lack of information or incorrect data can increase family and marital problems so the effective factors and barriers should be determined and met.