Showing 20 results for Behavior
Elias Bahador, Ali Abbasi,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (2-2012)
Abstract
Background and Objective : Health behaviors are undertaken to prevent from a disease or to maintain health. According to the effect of behavior patterns on the Health of community, we aimed to compare health behaviors of first and last semester students in Amirkabir and Tehran University and their relations with demographic factors.
Materials and Methods : In this descriptive -analytical study, 149 (99 first semester, 50 last) students of Tehran and Amirkabir university were recruited through stratified sampling in 2007. Data were collected by Health Behavior questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics and independent t test (p≤0.05) using SPSS-16 software.
Results: There is no significant relation between first semester’s physical exercises (p=0.6) and smoke cessation (p=0.07) and those of last semester’s ,but it is significant for proper nutrition pattern( p= 0.03).Health behaviors of first semester’s is better than that of last semester’s.
Conclusion: This survey shows that students have not good health behaviors therefore, we recommend designing and performing some educational programs for promoting proper health behaviors for freshmen and other students.
Morteza Badeleh, Dr Mahdi Fathi, Dr Hamid Reza Aghamohammadian, Mohammad Taghi Badeleh,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (4-2013)
Abstract
Background and objective : Adolescence is a significant stage of social and psychosocial development. This particular period of crisis involves some problems, one of the most important ones is the loss of self-esteem . Hence, this study aimed at investigating the effect of group cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy on increasing adolescents' self-esteem .
Material and Methods: The research population ( n= 250) of the current study is the adolescents living in a boarding school of Taibad city, Iran, in 2012 academic year. Using convenience sampling, the subjects were selected and asked to fill out Copper Smite self-esteem Inventory, and considering the cut-off point of 23, 30 adolescences with the lowest self-esteem were randomly placed in two groups of control and experimental .The subjects of experimental group were taken part in 8 two- hour- long sessions of cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy while the ones of control group did not receive any training . At the end of this period, the subjects’ self-esteem was measured again and compared with pre-test by Ancova test, using SPSS soft ware (version 19).
Results: Ancova test analysis indicates that the self-esteem score in group cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy compared with the control group is significantly increased (p<0.01).
Conclusion : Group cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy can lead to increased self-esteem in teenagers. Further researches accompanying by periods of follow-up are recommended.
Dr Abdolrahman Charkazi, Dr Arazbordi Ghourchaei, Atena Razzaqnejad,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (4-2013)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women worldwide. The objective of the current study was to assess the breast cancer screening behaviors adherence rate and its relation with perceived susceptibility and perceived severity in Gorgan, Iran.
Material and Methods: In a cross sectional study, 300 women referring to two health centers were selected through cluster sampling .Data gathering instrument was a questionnaire including demographic, knowledge and practice questions related to breast cancer screening behaviors. Perceived susceptibility and perceived severity measured by Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale .
Results: The subjects are 18 to 60 years (30.3 ± 7.3). In knowledge part, 88.3% could not answer any question. In practice section, they have breast self examination (33%), clinical breast examination (11.3%) and mammography (5%) in their past history. Four- point -seven percent have high level of susceptibility and 46.7% high level of severity. Higher susceptibility was significantly associated with mammography (p=0.042) performance and not associated with breast self examination and clinical breast examination.
Conclusion: The participant's knowledge about breast cancer screening was inappropriate. Meanwhile, the majority of them have low level of perceived susceptibility. It is a necessity to improve the knowledge and perceived susceptibility for enhancing the breast cancer screening behaviors.
Dr Abdozahra Naami, Farideh Ensafdaran, Dr Nasir Dastan, Dr Mohammad Babamiri,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (11-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived fit of nurses and organizational citizenship behavior.
Material and Methods: The statistical population of this correlational study was all nurses of Shiraz hospitals in 2011. The participants were 170 nurses selected via cluster random sampling and asked to fill out the questionnaires. The data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and regression analysis.
Results: The results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between all three types of perceived fit and organizational citizenship behavior (P≤0.01). Furthermore, regression analysis showed that variables of person-organization, person-group, and person-job were able to predict 0.274 of organizational citizenship behavior. Person-organization perceived fit was the best predictor of organizational citizenship behavior.
Conclusion: Since the increase of perceived fit has an important role in organizational citizenship behavior, the managers should consider the importance of this issue in their programs.
Phd Sajad Basharpoor , Msc Hadis Heidarirad , Phd Esmael Soleimani, Msc Behroz Degdar,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (11-2017)
Abstract
Introduction: High quality of life during the pregnancy is of great importance for both mother and the fetus. In order to identify factors affecting the quality of life of pregnant women, this study was conducted to show the role of health promoting behaviors in predicting the quality of life of pregnant women.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study. Statistical population consisted of all pregnant women who had referred to the Health Centers of Gilan-e Gharb City for receiving the prenatal care from March 2013 to September 2013, of whom, 90 people were selected by purposive non-random sampling method and data were collected by questionnaires of Health Promoting and Short Form 36 Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-36). The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.
Results: The mean and standard deviation age (SD) of the pregnant women was 26.72 ± 4.45. There was a positive relationship between quality of life of pregnant women and an overall score of health promoting behaviors and variables of heath responsibility, good nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relationships and stress management (P<0.005). Regression analysis also showed that 37% of the total variance in the quality of life of pregnant women is explained by interpersonal behaviors.
Conclusion: Results of this study show that health responsibility, good nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relationships and stress management improve quality of life of pregnant women. Of these styles, interpersonal relationships play an important role in predicting quality of life. These results highlight the importance of training the health promoting behaviors notably effective interpersonal relationships during pregnancy.
Phd Akbar Hemmati Sabet, Phd Shokouh Navabi Nejad , Phd Javad Khalatbari ,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (11-2017)
Abstract
Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Group Cognitive Therapy on Anxiety in Women with High-Risk Sexual Behavior
Background and Objective: Due to the effectiveness of psychological interventions on mood and anxiety disorders, the schema therapy interventions and group cognitive therapy were used in this study to reduce anxiety in women with high risk sexual behaviors.
Methods: This was a pilot study using cluster sampling method. The statistical population consisted of 500 women (20-60 years old with diploma degree or higher) with a history of high risk sexual behaviors who had referred to the Shohada Ceneter of Hamedan for HIV test. Concurrently, DASS questionnaire with 21 items and psychiatric interview were performed; 250 of them had symptoms of depression, anxiety and perceived stress and 85 of them had symptoms of anxiety; 45 were randomly selected and were divided into three groups: two intervention groups and one control group. 12 group cognitive therapy sessions and 12 schema therapy sessions were considered; each session was 90 min. At the end of the treatment, all groups were post-tested.
Results: Comparison of the mean difference of the anxiety in three groups of schema therapy, cognitive therapy and control showed that there was a significant difference among these groups. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the mean of anxiety in cognitive therapy group and schema therapy (-2.376, p =0.01).
Conclusion: The results showed that schema therapy is more effective than cognitive therapy on anxiety of the women who referred to Shohada Ceneter of Hamedan.
Narges Khatoon Zabihi Hesari , Zahra Dashtbozorgi , Farideh Hashemiannejad , Khadijeh Hatamipour ,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (2-2018)
Abstract
Background: Mental health is an essential requirement for any profession, especially nursing and plays an important role in improving positive psychological characteristics. Some variables related to mental health can be social capital and organizational citizenship behavior. Thus, the aim of this study was the prediction of mental health based on social capital and organizational citizenship behavior in female nurses.
Methods: This correlational cross-sectional study was carried out on 180 female nurses, selected via simple random sampling, of state hospital in the west of Mazandaran province, 2017. The questionnaires were short form of mental symptoms, social capital and organizational citizenship behavior. Data was analyzed by SPSS-19 software using Pearson correlation and multivariate regression with enter model methods (p≤0.01).
Results: The average age of the participants was 35.94±4.36 years, most of them (90.56%) married and undergraduate education (80.56%). The results showed that social capital (r=-0/381) and organizational citizenship behavior (r=-0/456) have a negative and significant relationship with mental health in female nurses. Given that the high score in mental health questionnaire means low mental health, mental health in female nurses enhances by increasing social capital and organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, both social capital and organizational citizenship behavior variables could predict 25.4 percent of variance of mental health in female nurses and the share of organizational citizenship behavior was higher than social capital (p≤0.01).
Conclusion: The results verified the role of social capital and organizational citizenship behavior in predicting mental health of nurses. Thus, officials should pay attention to the indications of social capital and organizational citizenship behavior to design and implement appropriate programs to improve the mental health of nurses.
Nasrin Mokhtari Lakeh, Layla Zarat Dakheliparast , Layla Mirhadian , Ehsan Kazeminezhad Leili, Marjan Mahdavi -Roshan ,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (1-2019)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Osteoporosis is a worldwide public health problem with an increasing prevalence especially in women. This study was conducted to predict the preventive behavior of osteoporosis through applying Health Belief Model in Health Volunteers of community health centers of Rasht city in 2016.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on all 217 female active Health Volunteers in community health centers in Rasht city in 2016 by survey method. The data collection tools were demographic data sheet, standard questionnaire on osteoporosis based on health belief model, food frequency questionnaire to evaluate milk and dairy group intake and short form of international physical activity questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS21. Descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Spearman's correlation coefficient, analysis of multiple logistics regression and linear regression) were used.
Results: Average age of Health Volunteers was 42.13 ± 9.24 and their average physical activity was 1033.44 ± 1272 min/wk. – MET (Metabolic Equivalent of Task) and average milk and dairy group intake was 1.69 ± 0.96 unit per day. Multiple logistics regression showed that perceived susceptibility (p=0.012) and construct self-efficacy (p=0.031) were the predictors of physical activity performance (high and middle activity). Linear regression test also indicated that perceived barriers (P=0.006) and knowledge (p=0.027) served as predictors of milk and dairy group intake performance.
Conclusion: According to the present study findings, health belief model is a good predictor of preventive behaviors for osteoporosis in female Health Volunteers. Therefore implementing educational intervention based on this model with emphasis on knowledge and effective constructs of efficiency, susceptibility and barriers can help maintain and promote women’s health.
Leila Mirhadyan , Sekineh Molaee, Homa Mosaffay Khomami , Ehsan Kazem Nejad Leili,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (1-2019)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease in developing countries. Because the cause of many chronic diseases lies in the human's lifestyle, performing health promotion behaviors is the best way to maintain and improve the health. Hence, this study aimed to compare the health promoting behaviors based on the Pender model in at risk groups of type 2 diabetes in women referred to health centers of Rasht city 2017.
Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical-descriptive study was performed on 300 women referring to community health centers of Rasht city and was conducted by stratified random sampling method. Data was collected by Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II) Questionnaire and the questionnaire evaluating the risk of type 2 diabetes using the FINDRISK tool .Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 21 using ANOVA test, Tukey test and independent T-test.
Results: The mean score and standard deviation of health promotion behaviors in this study have been varied from 144.18 ± 19.56 in the low risk group and 129.27±17.86 in the very high-risk group of type 2 diabetes. The difference in score of health promotion behaviors dimensions in the five groups according to the risk of type 2 diabetes, except the interpersonal relationships dimension, was statistically significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: The high risk and very high risk groups than low risk and very low risk of type 2 diabetes had less scores of health promoting behaviors. In other words, people with a healthier lifestyle were less likely to develop type 2 diabetes .
Ali Zafarzadeh, Abotaleb Bay, Seyed Kamal Mirkarimi, Ahmad Heidari,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (11-2019)
Abstract
Background: Pesticides are chemical compounds which are used to fight against and to control plant and animal pests as vectors of diseases. In view of being exposed to pesticides, farmers are at high risk of occupational diseases. In this regard, the predictability of Health Belief Model (HBM) has been confirmed for the studies in promoting health behaviors. The aim of the study was to investigate the determinants of health behaviors of farmers on poisoning with pesticides in Golestan province based on HBM.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 294 farmers covered under Health centers in Azadshahr, Golestan province in 2015. A multi-stage sampling method was used. Data was collected through HBM questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson and Spearman rank correlation coefficient, one-way ANOVA, and linear regression model in SPSS-16. The P-value was considered significant as <0.05.
Results: The mean age of participants was 46.12±11.45 years (ranged from 17 to 75). The majority of participants was under diploma (60.1%) and used television educational programs (76.9%) as main source of information and chemical dealers (68.4%) as main cues to action. There was a significant correlation between educational status and the amount of pesticide (p=0.024). In final, perceived barriers was the variable for predicting the healthy behavior of farmers (β= 0.208, p=0.004).
Conclusions: The results presented in this study recommend that since the majority of farmers were awarded high school diploma, designing and developing effective interventions in order to promote knowledge and perceived self-efficacy should be considered.
Houri Alijani , Narjes Sadat Borghei, Naser Behnampour ,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (4-2020)
Abstract
Background: Pregnancy is considered as a critical stage in the life of a woman due to the creation of new tasks and anxieties, If we consider the fear of childbirth as one of the main causes of pregnancy anxiety, To reduce it, we need to look for other solutions, such as psychological solutions. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of group-based cognitive-behavioral Educations on the fear of delivery of Primiparous mothers.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design, three groups were conducted in the second half of the year in 1396 cities of Gorgan.The data collection tool was a demographic data form and Wijma Delivery/Expectency fear of childbirth Questionnaire (version A). Primiparous Pregnant mothers who were 20-28 weeks old were asked to participate in the study through the Lean system, and 211 patients were referred to relevant health centers and clinics. They completed the maternity fear questionnaire. Among these mothers, 104 nulliparous women with average score of fear of childbirth of 55 and above were divided into three groups: first and second intervention and control group. Based on ethical considerations, the allocation of mothers to intervention and control groups conducted based on their desire. The first intervention group performed eight sessions of group training based on cognitive-behavioral techniques, the second intervention group spent eight sessions of conventional pregnancy training, and the control group did not receive any training. The scores of fear of childbirth in all three groups before and immediately after intervention were analyzed by ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon and paired t-test using SPSS software version 18, were compared and analyzed statistically. The significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.
Results: The results showed that before the intervention, the mean scores of fear of childbirth in the three groups were statistically significant and the first group of intervention (group training based on cognitive-behavioral techniques) had a higher mean scores 92.58 ± 12.70, compared to the second group of intervention (conventional education during pregnancy) was 66.54 ± 10.48 and the control group was 73.33 ± 13.13 (P-value <0.0001). Therefore, comparison of the difference before and after the mean scores and the rate of change in the three groups were used. Also, the mean scores of fear of childbirth after intervention in group training based on cognitive-behavioral techniques were 42.81 ± 18.45 in the conventional education group 67.19 ± 11.91 in control group 83.83 ± 18.28 and (P-value< 0/0001). The comparison of the mean scores of fear of delivery before and after intervention showed that group training based on cognitive-behavioral techniques -49.76 ± 19.86 was more than that of the conventional education groups in the period of pregnancy of 0.65 ± 10.14 And control group 11.5 ± 11.36 had a significant reduction in fear scores, which was statistically significant (P-value <0.0001).
Conclusions: Group-based cognitive-behavioral techniques focusing on reducing childbirth fears have the potential to reduce the fear of childbirth in all domains, for the promotion of normal delivery, the Changing the routine content of traditional pregnancy education is a matter of community based on cognitive-behavioral techniques, Focus on reducing fear of childbirth should be considered by healthcare providers.
Mahsa Khodayarian, Tahmineh Farajkhoda, Azita Aryaeenezhad, Mozhgan Sharifi,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (4-2020)
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Iran. Early diagnosis of breast cancer by mammography could decrease the rate of mortality and improve the survival rate. This study aimed to determine the predicting factors of mammography adherence among Iranian women based on transtheoretical model.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 300 married women in Yazd in 2018. Subjects was recruited using cluster sampling. Data were gathered through researcher-made questionnaire based on trans-theoretical model. The constructs of decisional balance, self-efficacy, stages and process of change were studied. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance, Spearman correlation coefficient and regression analysis in SPSS-16 software.
Results: The mean age of women was 47.25±6.97 years old (ranged from 40 to 70). Most of the participants (86.4%) were in inactive stages of decision-making for performing mammography and only 5.3% were in active stages. The mean score of self-efficacy among the studied women was 24.54±6.5. According to linear regression test, the validity of the predicting trans-theoretical model by all of its constructs together was 47%.
Conclusions: Results of the present study showed that most of the women were at inactive stages of decision-making for mammography behavior and, based on the results, to improve the stages of the behavior, their self-efficacy should be improved.
Hamideh Mancheri, Zahra Sabzi , Mousa Alavi, Mohammad Ali Vakili , Jahangir Maghsoudi,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background: Substance abuse can cause problems for family members, especially spouses, and impair the addicts' quality of life; hence, it seems necessary to identify issues that can endanger their quality of life and health. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the quality of life of women with addicted husbands, and its related factors.
Methods: We conducted the present cross-sectional study on 300 women with addicted husbands who were in the list of clients of private and public addiction treatment centers in Gorgan in 2018. The convenient sampling was used for recruited participants. We gathered data using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), the higher scores indicated a better quality of life. We also analyzed the data in SPSS 16 using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests at a 95% confidence interval.
Results: The results indicated that women with addicted husbands had lower mean scores of physical health (33.3±19.1), mental health (28±3.19), environmental health (31.5±18.1), social relationship (30.2±21.4), and total scores of quality of life (31±18). There were significant correlation between scores of quality of life and its dimensions with women's job, family income, duration of substance abuse, and type of substance (P<0.001). Also, the quality of life was directly associated with women's jobs and family income, but inversely related to the husband's duration of substance abuse and type of substance.
Conclusion: Women with addicted husbands needed more support due to their low quality of life. These findings help the healthcare provider pay more attention to the problems of women with addicted husbands.
Julius Olatade Maitanmi, Mary Fiyinfolowa Tanimowo, Bukola Titilope Maitanmi, Ogechukwu Emmanuel Okondu, Simeon Kayode Olubiyi, Yetunde Oluwafunmilayo Tola, Rafiat Tolulope Akinokun, Oluwadamilare Akingbade,
Volume 18, Issue 2 (7-2021)
Abstract
Background: Choosing the contraception method remains one of the most critical decisions made by women of reproductive age. Not only does this have a direct impact on women’s reproductive health, it also affects their social and economic well-being. This study was carried out to determine the factors affecting choice of contraceptives among women of reproductive age in Lagos State, Nigeria.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 women aged 15-45 years who visited the family planning clinic at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria in 2019. The subjects were enrolled through a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a demographic information form and a self-structured questionnaire on knowledge about family planning methods (n=9), the choice of contraceptives (n=8) and factors influencing the choice of family planning (n=15). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and the Pearson correlation coefficient at significance level of 0.05.
Results: We found that 82.8% of the respondents had good knowledge about the contraceptives. The most commonly used methods of contraception were birth control pills (38.3%) and implants (36.1%), while the least commonly used methods were tubal ligation (29.4%) and withdrawal (29.4%). The choice of contraceptives was significantly correlated with level of knowledge (r=-0.564, P=0.001) and religion (r=-0.173, P=0.020) of the subjects.
Conclusion: The majority of women in the study area have good knowledge about contraceptives, and factors such as parity and fear of injury from contraceptives affect their choice of contraceptives. This study recommends implementation of extensive health education and counseling sessions to assist women in contraceptive decision making.
Emilia Chandra, Aj Asni Johari, Syaiful Syaiful, Sukmal Fahri,
Volume 18, Issue 2 (7-2021)
Abstract
Background: Mosquito-Borne Diseases (MBDs) are still a health problem faced, especially in developing countries. Reducing the number of mosquitoes can be done by breaking the reproduction chain by getting rid of places that become nests. This systematic review aims to get an idea of what strategies or efforts can improve or change people's behavior in eradicating mosquito nests.
Methods: This review was done using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Literature searches were conducted several databases such as Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Wiley Online Library and Google Scholar on published articles between 2010 and 2021. At first, the screening process was conducted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, the full text of the remaining articles was read carefully, and eligible articles was selected according to the objectives of the study. Next, the methodological quality of the selected papers was reviewed, and the required information was extracted from those with acceptable quality. Sixteen studies met the criteria for this systematic review.
Results: Based on data extraction in the 16 eligible articles, five strategies or efforts to improve community behavior towards mosquito nets eradication was presented include Door-to-Door monitoring of house conditions, using control cards, empowering groups in the community (SHG), health education with the SGD approach, and promote the prevention of MBDs through social media.
Conclusion: All the strategies in this study are adequate for the community, but the pattern that should be done is to find out the root of the problem early (bottom-up). Communities need to be mediated to recognize their environment better, what they need related to health problems, especially MBDs.
Narjes Sadat Borghei, Fatemeh Seifi, Naser Behnampour, Fatemeh Raeesian,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Background: Sexual function is particularly important aspect of pregnant women’s lives that can affect mental health and family cohesion. The present study aimed to determine the effect of sex education on sexual function of primigravid pregnant women.
Methods: This randomized clinical trial study with four parallel groups (two intervention and two control groups) was conducted on 100 primigravid women in 2019. The Two intervention groups (n=50) received three sessions of sex education, once a week and two control groups (n=50) didn't received sex education. The Female Sexual Function Index was completed at the beginning of the study and after eight weeks. Data were analyzed with SPSS (version 18) and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), paired t-test, Fisher's exact test were used for analysis and significance was set at 0.05.
Results: The Given that the mean sexual function in the groups before the intervention was significantly different (P=0.0004), the Mean difference rate of change (Mean DRC) was used for inter-group comparisons. Mean DRC of sexual function in the first intervention group (sex education and prenatal education) was 0.173±0.563 (17% increase) and the second intervention group (only sex education), was 0.106±0.209 (10% increase). However, Mean DRC of sexual function decreased significantly in the two control groups (-0.0364±0.205) (-0.009±0.132) (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results confirm the positive effects of sex education on sexual function during pregnancy. In addition, combination of sex education with conventional prenatal education can have a greater impact on the overall sexual function than each intervention separately.
Andri Nugraha, Iin Patimah, Engkus Kusnadi, Wikky Fawwaz Al Maki ,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (10-2024)
Abstract
Background: The learning styles and personality traits of millennial nursing students are different from those of previous generations, presenting a challenge in teaching as these differences affect academic motivation, knowledge, and clinical skills. Alternative models of teaching that are more interactive, technology-based, practical, and observational are needed. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of virtual reality head-mounted display (VRHMD) on academic motivation and skills of millennial nursing students in teaching prevention and control of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).
Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design and involved 64 nursing students who participated in the research. They were randomly divided into two groups using purposive sampling. The intervention group used VRHMD method, while the control group followed the routine method (the practice laboratory using mannequins). In this study, the inclusion criteria consisted of bachelor's and associate degree nursing students in their third semester who completed the course of fundamental nursing practicum and were able to operate VR devices. They performed a 20-minute exercise three times. After the complete practice, data were collected using Academic Motivation Scale (AMS)-Short Indonesian Language Version questionnaire to measure Academic Motivation and the assessment of clinical skills to prevent CAUTIs questionnaire to measure clinical skills. The assessment was done immediately before the intervention and immediately after the intervention. Data were analyzed using independent T-test and Chi-square test.
Results: The mean levels of academic motivation in the experimental group during the pre-test and post-test were 73.53 ± 3.100 and 84.09 ± 3.286. Moreover, VRHMD led to higher academic motivation in students compared to those who utilized traditional methods. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.004).
Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, VRHMD is effective in improving the skills and academic motivation levels of millennial nursing students. This method is recommended as a teaching method for millennial nursing students.
Masoumeh Abbasi Shavazi , Manoj Sharma, Tayebeh Mokhtari Sorkhani ,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (10-2024)
Abstract
The total fertility rate has declined in certain countries, dropping below the replacement level. The attitudes and desires of some families regarding having children have also shifted. To cultivate positive societal views on childbearing, there is a need for updated educational initiatives, such as a multi-theory model. Although the multi-theory model has been used in various contexts to facilitate health behavior change, with its effectiveness validated in predicting and influencing behaviors, there has been no documented use of this model in the context of fertility, either in Iran or globally. Developing fertility encouragement programs requires cultural sensitivity and attention to accepted social norms and customs, which can enhance program efficacy. We believe the Multi-Theory Model can be effective and useful in encouraging couples to increase fertility.
Tayebeh Mokhtari Sorkhani, Mahshid Bokaie , Farzan Madadizadeh , Manoj Sharma , Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (9-2025)
Abstract
Background: The total fertility rate (TFR) has dropped to below the replacement levels in numerous countries, which necessitates new educational approaches and behavioral models to encourage a more positive societal view of childbearing. The present research aims to design, implement, and evaluate an intervention based on the multi-theory model (MTM) aiming at boosting childbearing intentions among Iranian single-child women of reproductive age.
Methods: This mixed-methods study, designed in three phases, will first explore childbearing intentions qualitatively through in-depth interviews, with the resulting data analyzed using a directed content analysis based on the MTM. Second, the themes identified from this phase will then be used to develop and psychometrically validate a new measurement tool. Third, a field trial will be conducted to implement and evaluate an MTM-based educational intervention. Data will be collected with the validated tool both pre- and post-intervention, with follow-ups at three, six, and nine months to assess pregnancy outcomes. The effectiveness of the program and participant feedback will be analyzed via descriptive statistics, paired t-tests for within-group comparisons, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for between-group differences over time. All statistical analyses will be performed using SPSS version 22.
Conclusion: This study represents the first known application of the MTM to investigate childbearing intentions among single-child women. Developing and assessing a culturally-adapted intervention has the potential to boost individuals’ childbearing intentions and generate evidence for guiding reproductive health policies in settings experiencing a decline in fertility.
Tayebeh Mokhtari Sorkhani, Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad, Mahshid Bokaie , Manoj Sharma , Farzan Madadizadeh ,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (5-2026)
Abstract
Background: Declining fertility and childbearing are significant public health concerns. The Multi-Theory Model (MTM), which addresses both the initiation and maintenance of behavior, may provide a useful framework for promoting childbearing intentions. However, no validated theory-based instrument currently exists to measure MTM constructs in this context. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a Persian questionnaire based on MTM to assess childbearing intentions among women of reproductive age.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted in 2025 with 275 married women recruited from comprehensive health centers in Yazd, Iran. Women with only one child and willing to participate from the selected health centers were included in this study. An initial 37-item researcher-developed instrument based on MTM was refined through expert evaluation (CVR, CVI) and quantitative face validity (Impact score). Construct validity was assessed via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability evaluated using via Cronbach’s alpha and test–retest ICC analyzed with SPSS 22 and AMOS21.
Results: During the psychometric validation process, four items were removed. The final questionnaire with 33-items demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.93; construct-level α = 0.71-0.92; test-retest ICC =0.81 (95% CI: 0.68-0.90)) and acceptable construct validity (CFA: CFI =0.932, TLI =0.921, RMSEA = 0.06, χ²/df =1.97). Content validity was strong, with CVR ranging from 0.62-1, S-CVI/Ave =0.929, and overall CVI =0.91. All items also showed acceptable face validity (Impact score >1.5).
Conclusion: The validated MTM-based Persian childbearing intention questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool for assessing childbearing intentions among women with only one child. It can guide public health research, educational interventions, and policy planning to support informed reproductive decisions.
